Dreamed up by a nineteen-year-old girl in the early nineteenth century, the story of Victor Frankenstein and his ill-fated experiment to create a living man has become a metaphor for science gone awry and good intentions gone astray. The first motion picture appearance of the tragic experiment was a silent film called "Life Without a Soul" produced by Thomas Edison Studios. Boris Karloff's 1931 portrayal of the creature in Universal's "Frankenstein" added the lightning, flat head, and neck bolts that have come to be associated with the creature in modern culture.